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A History of Life-Extensionism In The Twentieth Century, by Ilia Stambler PhD
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This work explores the history of life-extensionism in the 20th century. The term life-extensionism is meant to describe an ideological system professing that radical life extension (far beyond the present life expectancy) is desirable on ethical grounds and is possible to achieve through conscious scientific efforts. This work examines major lines of life-extensionist thought, in chronological order, over the course of the 20th century, while focusing on central seminal works representative of each trend and period, by such authors as Elie Metchnikoff, Bernard Shaw, Alexis Carrel, Alexander Bogomolets and others. Their works are considered in their social and intellectual context, as parts of a larger contemporary social and ideological discourse, associated with major political upheavals and social and economic patterns. The following national contexts are considered: France (Chapter One), Germany, Austria, Romania and Switzerland (Chapter Two), Russia (Chapter Three), the US and UK (Chapter Four).
- This work pursues three major aims. The first is to attempt to identify and trace throughout the century several generic biomedical methods whose development or applications were associated with radical hopes for life-extension. Beyond mere hopefulness, this work argues, the desire to radically prolong human life often constituted a formidable, though hardly ever acknowledged, motivation for biomedical research and discovery. It will be shown that novel fields of biomedical science often had their origin in far-reaching pursuits of radical life extension. The dynamic dichotomy between reductionist and holistic methods will be emphasized.
- The second goal is to investigate the ideological and socio-economic backgrounds of the proponents of radical life extension, in order to determine how ideology and economic conditions motivated the life-extensionists and how it affected the science they pursued. For that purpose, the biographies and key writings of several prominent longevity advocates are studied. Their specific ideological premises (attitudes toward religion and progress, pessimism or optimism regarding human perfectibility, and ethical imperatives) as well as their socioeconomic conditions (the ability to conduct and disseminate research in a specific social or economic milieu) are examined in an attempt to find out what conditions have encouraged or discouraged life-extensionist thought. This research argues for the inherent adjustability of life-extensionism, as a particular form of scientific enterprise, to particular prevalent state ideologies.
- The third, more general, aim is to collect a broad register of life-extensionist works, and, based on that register, to establish common traits and goals definitive of life-extensionism, such as valuation of life and constancy, despite all the diversity of methods and ideologies professed. This work will contribute to the understanding of extreme expectations associated with biomedical progress that have been scarcely investigated by biomedical history.
- Review excerpts:
- “This is a truly terrific study. It has taught me a huge number of facts, and perhaps even more importantly it has crystallized a dauntingly diverse body of information and opinion into a coherent narrative with a number of highly insightful conclusions. The quality of writing is also extremely high.”
(Dr. Aubrey de Grey, Chief Science Officer of the SENS Research Foundation, author of Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime, 2007)
- “Ilia has done a very extensive and useful work. A lot is described briefly but accurately. I cannot but think: It is a pity that few among our compatriots or Western or Eastern or Middle Eastern colleagues have read this work.”
(Prof. Alexey Olovnikov, Moscow Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, author of the telomere hypothesis of aging, translated from Russian)
- Sales Rank: #1527963 in eBooks
- Published on: 2015-01-19
- Released on: 2015-01-19
- Format: Kindle eBook
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Learning from others' mistakes
By Marios Kyriazis
I had the chance to read an early copy of this book and I would highly recommend it to anyone who is interested in life extension, history of science or general scientific method. Stambler's account is meticulous, detailed and probing, providing details about the efforts to extend life viewed within the social structure of each period. The account of repeated failed and strange attempts at life extension is far from mere historical curiosity. It is a warning to us, the modern scientists and researchers, to learn from the past and devise new and appropriate ways of thinking, if we want to leave a worthwhile legacy to the new generation.
My view is, of course, that the answer to defeating aging is not going to be found in a physical, repair-only (or a biotechnological) therapy.Musing on Stambler's account of several generations of seekers of the 'elixir of youth' I can only reach one conclusion. That we must now look away from the physical, and embrace other dimensions such as techno-cultural and those based on adaptive evolution, complexity and self-organisation. This is appropriate for our generation. Let us hope it will also be appropriate for future generations.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Highly recommended
By Daniel Syrkin
This is a first rate historical analysis of a fascinating, and rather neglected history - the international quest to bring about human longevity. stambler uses sources of many different kinds, in many different languages, to portray a sweeping drama - one whose final chapter has yet to be written. Highly recommended.
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
A Source of Perspective, Insight, and Hope for Life Extension
By G. Stolyarov II
A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century by Ilia Stambler is the most thorough treatment to date of the ideas of famous thinkers and scientists who attempted to prolong human lifespans. In this detailed and impressively documented work - spanning 540 pages - Dr. Stambler explores the works of life-extensionist thinkers and practitioners from a vast variety of ideological, national, and methodological backgrounds. Dr. Stambler's opus will enable today's advocates of human life extension to understand the immensely rich and interesting historical legacy that they can draw upon.
In substance, I agree with Dr. Stambler's central observation that life-extensionist thinkers tended to adapt to the political and ideological climates of the societies in which they lived. I do suspect that, in some regimes (e.g., communist and fascist ones), the adaptation was partly a form of protection from official persecution. Even then, Soviet life-extensionists were unable to avoid purges and denunciations if they fell out of favor with the dominant scientific establishment. My own thinking is that life-extensionism is a powerful enough human motive that it will attempt to thrive in any society and under any regime. However, some regimes are more dangerous for life-extensionism than others - especially if they explicitly persecute those who work on life extension. If, on the other hand, complete freedom of scientific inquiry exists (with no barriers to performing research that respects all human rights or getting such research published), then significant progress can occur in a variety of political/ideological environments.
Even so, I have been tremendously interested to delve into Dr. Stambler's discussion of the deep roots of life-extensionist thought in Russian society, where ideas favoring life prolongation have taken hold despite a long history of authoritarianism and more general human suffering. I even remember my own very early years in Minsk, where I found it easy to adopt an anti-death attitude the moment I learned about death - and where, even in childhood, I found my support for human life extension to be largely uncontroversial from an ethical standpoint. When I moved to the United States, I encountered far more resistance to this idea than I ever did in Belarus. While most Americans are not opposed to advanced medicine and concerted efforts to fight specific diseases of old age, there does still seem to be a culturally ingrained perception of some "maximum lifespan" beyond which life extension is feared, even though it is considered acceptable up to that limit. I think, however, that the dynamics of a competitive economy with some degree of freedom of research will ultimately enable most Americans to accept longer lifespans in practice, even if there is no intellectual revolution in their minds. The key challenge in the United States is to remove inadvertent institutional obstacles to progress (e.g., the extremely time-consuming FDA approval process for treatments), and also to prevent new obstacles from being established. Once radical life extension does occur, most Americans will explicitly or tacitly embrace it.
Dr. Stambler portrays American life-extensionist thinking as aligned with a capitalist, free-market, libertarian outlook - and this is often true, but it may be an exception to the book's thesis that life-extensionist thinkers adapt to the predominant ideological environments that surround them. My own observation regarding American life-extensionism is that it does seem to correspond with a type of free-market libertarianism that is far outside the current ideological mainstream (though it is growing in popularity). The views of Peter Thiel, Ray Kurzweil, Peter Diamandis, Reason (of FightAging.org), and Max More are far from the views of the political establishment in Washington, D.C., which tends to be much more in favor of a centralized welfare/security nation-state with elements of corporatism, but not a libertarian free market. The love of liberty is a strong part of American history and culture - and continues to feature strongly in the attitudes of many Americans (including some wealthy and prominent ones) - but I do not think the political establishment reflects this idea at all anymore. An interesting thought on this matter is that it might have become easier in recent years for life-extensionists not to represent the dominant paradigm in their society or regime and still to prominently pursue life-extension endeavors. If this is so, then this would be an encouraging sign of a greater emerging diversity of approaches, and generally greater tolerance of such diversity on the part of regimes. After all, the American regime, for all of its flaws, has generally not been cracking down on the libertarian life-extensionists who disagree with it politically. At the same time, as Dr. Stambler points out, the United States remains the leading country in life-extension research - and this occurs in spite of the political disagreements between many life-extensionists and the regime.
A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century offers tremendous value to readers in encapsulating a diversity of vantage points on and approaches toward human life extension throughout history. While many of the pioneers in this area failed to achieve their ultimate goal, they did advance human biological knowledge in important, incremental ways while doing so. Furthermore, they navigated political and ideological environments that were often far more hostile to unhampered technological progress than the environments in many Western countries today. This should enable readers to hold out hope that continued biomedical progress toward greater human lifespans could be made in our era and could accelerate with our support and advocacy.
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